Conflict Of Laws In The Banking Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Struggle Of Laws In The Banking Industry - Essay Example In any case, a severable piece of the agreement which has a closer association with another nation may by method of special case be administered by the law of that other country.† The second sentence on Article 4(1) would make the locale of the exchange exceptionally begging to be proven wrong as the area of the guarantee would make it closer to Ruritania along these lines the subject of whether the laws which will oversee the removal thereof would fall under the â€Å"severable†. In certain nations, outside substances are not permitted to claim properties inside its ward, which would achieve a contention of laws on properties. Note additionally that is Article 4(2) of EC Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations it is given that â€Å"Subject to the arrangements of section 5 of this Article, it will be assumed that the agreement is most firmly associated with the nation where the gathering who is to impact the presentation which is normal for the agre ement has, at the hour of finish of the agreement, his routine home, or, on account of a body corporate or unincorporated, its focal organization. In any case, if the agreement is gone into over the span of that gathering's exchange or calling, that nation will be the nation wherein the chief spot of business is arranged or, where under the provisions of the agreement the presentation is to be affected through a position of business other than the chief spot of business, the nation wherein that other spot of business is situated.† The understanding of the law is unmistakably articulated in the main instance of Sierra Leone Telecommunications Co. Ltd. v. Barclays Bank Plc (1998) where it emphasized the general principle set up under the instance of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] that â€Å"where there is no decision of setting for review or no arrangements with respect to which law would apply is laid on account of that the agreement between a bank and its client is administered by the law of where the record is kept, without consent to the contrary† was certified.

Corporate Governance Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Governance Issues - Essay Example Section 1: Governance and Family-possessed Firms This initial segment is a basic conversation of the accompanying explanation: â€Å"Corporate administration isn't appropriate to family possessed firms, just to generally held huge corporations†. The conversation starts with a meaning of the key terms Corporate Governance and Family-Owned firms and continues with an assurance of the association, assuming any, between these two terms. Taking a gander at the accessible writing on the subject of Corporate Governance would give a large number of definitions that not all the theses on the planet would have the option to contain. It is standard practice, in any case, to acknowledge the meaning of the term gave by the Cadbury Report (1995,  §2.5): â€Å"Corporate administration is the framework by which organizations are coordinated and controlled.† What's more, in spite of the fact that the term is identified with business the executives and corporate duty, it is particular and extraordinary and incorporates these two, which structure yet two pieces of the more complete nature of administration. As per the Corporate Governance Codes surviving in the European Union, there are three expansive subjects that whenever taken together give a more clear thought of what the term truly implies: control of the organization, corporate administration, or of organization and administrative lead;

A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essays

A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essays A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essay A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essay In this reaction I will endeavor to demonstrate that federalism isn't an ideologically decided framework, and that the premise of its structure is obvious in a wide range of political direction, for example, the United States, the previous Soviet Union and Canada. In this reaction to Richard Vernons article The Federal Citizen, I will endeavor to demonstrate that the substance of federalism is really a general subject that is accessible for extraction in all degrees of human collaboration, from the person in the public eye to the most elevated level of supra-government. As Vernon finishes up, the three originations which require federalism as an established element may be; vote based responsiveness, the receptiveness of decision of recognizable proof, and the safeguarding of governmental issues from (inadequate) nationalism.1 To start an appraisal of Vernons contention for federalism it is first important to have a working meaning of what this framework is and what the objectives of its usage are. It seems, by all accounts, to be the possibility of double citizenship, which recognizes the goals of federalism from different frameworks. This involves having a place with an upper-level national government just as recognizing oneself with a sub level commonplace or regional government. While this is commonly consented to be the objective of federalism, its usage and even its motivation have been thus extended to all shades of the political ghost. Being a wide and approximately characterized tenet, I have decided to isolate my evaluation of federalism into four areas, characterized as a belief system, a political instrument an individual business as usual and as a financial model. Vernons own definition seems to satisfy the ideological point of view perfectly and requires no further presentation. As a political apparatus, federalism endeavors to find some kind of harmony between the forces of legislative levels just as giving portrayal to lion's share and minority bunches at the same time. For the individual, federalism can be seen as a strategy for putting oneself with regards to ones network and country at the same time and independently. The financial perspective on the government model is a hypothesis for boosting utility, in fiscal and social structures, while limiting the expenses to make an ideally productive element. Two mainstream types of federalism which can be investigated from these four points of view are bury and intra-federalism. Between state federalism bolsters solid decentralized commonplace governments where the upper level government serves to screen the exercises of the sub level governments and lead the quest for general shared objectives. From an ideological viewpoint, between state federalism maintains a strategic distance from the issue of governments and domains that have a concentrated structure, which makes them powerless against insurgency or assault at a solitary topographical point, the Roman Empire would be a reasonable case of such a framework. The political investigation uncovers that this type of federalism can prompt a protection of the individual territories and, as on account of Quebec, may make singular regions look for withdrawal from the government. It would likewise give the idea that minorities inside the regions themselves would not have as high a possibility of help from the government, which would be successfully docile to the joined forces of the commonplace governments. From an individual perspective, a resident would be increasingly worried about the political events of her own territory and feel a general aloofness toward political activity at the most elevated level just as a lack of engagement in global governmental issues. A cutting edge case of one of the weaknesses of between state federalism is accessible in the American Civil Rights development. A gridlock among state and national government in Alabama implied that racial isolation approaches in schools were not formally endorsed until 1968, a significantly lengthy timespan on the off chance that one considers the date at which Abraham Lincoln authoritatively liberated African Americans. This model demonstrates the general issue of an absence of responsiveness by government to actualize promptly the ideological standards it puts together itself with respect to. A financial study of between state federalism uncovers that the absence of unification will prompt a dis-economy of scale, implying that assets that may have been spared through mass, or national, creation were utilized wastefully. Another fascinating outcome of the financial model examination, is that redistribution of merchandise or administrations by a more balkanized government, has the capability of bias between jurisdictional levels, expecting that regional divisions make pockets of socially or in any case particular gatherings who might be preferred over others. As the division of intensity gives more people the position to disseminate merchandise or administrations to littler gatherings of people, it is accepted that an expansion in partiality will happen. On the opposite side of the apparition we find intra-state federalism, which concentrates joined territorial interests at the focal point of government. While in its most outrageous structure intra-state federalism is simply pluralism, and along these lines uninteresting to an investigation of federalism; incomprehensibly, not every one of its premises have been decried. Indeed, even rebel essayists, for example, Proudhon, looked for the impact of the intra-state upper level government in their political compositions to go about as an underwriter of common freedoms and minority rights. Obviously, the brought together government from this point of view doesn't expand its majority rule responsiveness to the individual resident, nor does it shield its populace from unfit patriotism. The contention of political masterminds, for example, Proudhon, and later George Woodcock, is that a country state is excessively immense and remote to serve the individual resident satisfactorily; the organization of huge government is too barbaric to even think about accommodating the requirements and wants of the individuals it wishes to speak to. Just by narrowing the concentration and lessening the size of the legislature and its populace can the establishment of government be illustrative of its kin. This hypothesis is viewed as a co-usable model of federalism, where all activities of government are an immediate consequence of famous will. Shockingly, this hypothesis does little to help the instance of minority populaces and would require a situation of impartial trade off and would represent a danger to bunches that attempted to separate themselves socially or something else. This model is differentiated by a political perspective on pluralism, where divisions of domain are seen not as social boundaries yet as parts of the entire framework, where force is checked and adjusted by different representatives of intensity. This image clashes with the proposed co-usable soul, and would be similarly prone to prompt the controlling of advantageous government activity as it is empowering it. A division of domain will definitely prompt disparities between regions, subsequently, if these divisions are put in strife with one another there will surely be victors and vanquished. It appears to be awesome that a solitary political framework could continue being similarly present on inverse sides of the political field. To show up any closer the specific idea of what federalism speaks to it will be important to look marginally more insightfully at what precisely the ramifications of a multi-leveled government are. All through the contentions introduced above, no doubt the dualistic idea of self-recognizable proof has endure. I might by and by want to recommend that its endurance is because of the way that it is pervasive all over the place. The disposition of being from a nation yet a socially particular piece of that nation isn't selective to government countries. I myself being from Norway, consider Bergen my home, and socially particular from the remainder of the country. Comparative cases are surviving all through the world, from London to Thailand, individuals will consistently discover approaches to recognize and relate themselves. Regarding political interests, unitary nations frequently have a populace who are all the more intensely mindful of advancements on the national level of their own country as well as of those around it also. The advancement of the European Union has tremendously affected how residents of discrete country states consider themselves to be a piece of an entire, and the improvement and support of that entire as an aggregate obligation. To extend the contention outwards, the United Nations can possibly bring together all countries as subordinate elements. No doubt federalism is certifiably not an essential condition for a dualistic presence where an individual feels duty towards two separate political bodies; the proof appears to demonstrate that numerous individuals exist on various degrees of responsibility and that the quantities of these devotions are dictated by ones own consciousness of the world. I would recommend that the hypothesis of Vernons dualism could be moved to the general rule of mindfulness, yet for his situation of a political sort. The main outstanding contentions for federalism were the three introduced toward the start of this reaction, in particular, law based responsiveness, decision of recognizable proof and insurance from inadequate patriotism. To contend against these focuses exclusively will necessitate that they are acknowledged as real cases, disregarding the way that they all contain an ideological inclination. On the off chance that the reason that federalism is a framework without ideological connections is acknowledged then every one of the three focuses become unsettled. In any case, I might want to contend that another standpoint is accessible that accomplishes these

Designing A Multimodal Composition About My Writing Essay

For project three, the objective was to create a multimodal composition about my writing process. Throughout the poster, I talked about how my writing has changed as well as how it has stayed the same since I began English 101. I also spoke on the struggles I went through with writing in high school. Through my poster, I was able to convey how a deeper understanding of the writing process in high school can help mediate these struggles and better prepare one for their intro Writing class in college. Many of my writing traits have changed since I have been in English 101. While being in English this semester my writing has continued to improve greatly. This was mostly due to what I have changed since high school. One thing that I have changed is the way I plot out my essays. The way I was going about it before did not work for me because of the format that my previous teachers required. Now, after being in college, I can freely set up my essays in a way that I am comfortable with and can understand if I need to look back at them later. Another thing that has specifically changed about my writing is the word choice I decide to use. Now in English 101 I use an array of new words that had not been in my vocabulary in high school. I find myself using more sophisticated words when writing my sentences as opposed to what I was doing previously. With myself changing many things about my writing there are still certain things that I have not changed about my writing. One thingShow MoreRelatedEssay Application Letter862 Words   |  4 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of ESL/English Instructor in the Department of English at the College of Western Idaho. I hold a doctoral of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology from the Ohio State University (OSU). Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English. I am confident that my academic and experiential exposure enable me to make contributionsRead MoreEssay For Purpose1007 Words   |  5 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of Continuing Education Instructor, English as a Second Language, in the San Diego Community College District (SDCCD). I hold a doctor of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology from the Ohio State University (OSU). Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English. I am confident that my educational background andRead MoreApplication Letter Application Essay933 Words   |  4 Pages I am writing to apply for the faculty position in the ESL program at Cuyahoga Community College (CCC). I hold a doctoral of philosophy degree in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching diverse learners English in EFL and ESL settings. I am confident that my academic and experiential exposure enable me to contribute to the ESL program at CCC in termsRead MoreESL Program Application Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of ESL Program Director in the ESL Program at Marietta College. I hold a doctoral of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology from the Ohio State University (OSU). Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English and in administration. I am confident that my academic and experiential exposure will enable me to contributeRead MoreVisiting Assistant Professor Of Teaching English1296 Words   |  6 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of Visiting Assistant Professor of Teaching English as a Second/Foreign Language in the Lang uage, Literacy, and Leadership Department at Webster University. I hold a doctor of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English. I am confident that my educational background andRead MoreDigital Literacy: A Powerful Tool for Educational Change Essay1990 Words   |  8 Pagessuggest that overall a large proportion of pupils of all ages enjoy writing. The 2009 study suggests that 45 per cent of pupils enjoy writing (Clark Dugdale, 2009), while the 2011 study shows and increase of 2 per cent. To improve standards in writing Vincent (2006), implies that given the existence noytimtext in multimodal formats. However digital literacies is un-signified in the literacy pedagogies of many schools and multimodal scaffolding is essential for some pupils to communicate ideas effectivelyRead MoreUniversal Desig n For Learning Within Educational Environments2057 Words   |  9 PagesDesign for Learning is the elimination barriers from the learning environment’ (2011, p.2). Universal Design for Learning is the specific application of Universal Design elements to the curriculum, and is, in essence an educational ‘framework for designing curricula that enable all individuals to gain knowledge, skills, and enthusiasm for learning. Universal Design for Learning provides rich curriculum whilst maintaining high achievement standards for all’ (Burgstahler, 2012, p.3). Universal DesignRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageswritten permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10

Difference Between Private and Independent Schools

When public school just isnt working to help a child succeed and meet his or her fullest potential, its not uncommon for  families to start to consider alternative options for elementary, middle or high school education. When this research begins, most likely private schools will start popping up as one of those options. Start doing more research, and youll likely encounter a variety of information that includes information and profiles on both private schools and independent schools, which might leave you scratching your head. Are they the same thing? Whats the difference? Lets explore.   Similarities Between Private and Independent Schools There is one big similarity between private and independent schools, and that is the fact  that they are non-public schools. In other words, they are schools which are funded by their own resources, and do not receive public funding from the state or federal government.   Differences Between Private and Independent Schools But it seems as though the terms private school and independent school are often used as though they mean the same thing. The truth is, they are both the same and different. Even more confused? Lets break it down. In general,  independent schools are actually considered private schools, but not all private schools are independent. So an independent school can call itself private or independent, but a private school cannot always refer to itself as independent. Why? Well, this subtle distinction between a private school and an independent school has to do with the legal structure of each, how they are governed, and how they are funded. An independent school has a truly independent board of trustees that oversees the schools operation, while a  private school can theoretically be part of another entity, such as a for profit corporation or a not for profit organization such as a church or synagogue. An independent board of trustees often meets several times a year to discuss the schools overall health, including finances, reputation, improvement, facilities, and other important aspects of the schools success. The administration at an independent school is responsible for carrying out a strategic plan that ensures the schools on-going success, and reports to the board regularly on progress and how they will address or are addressing any challenges the school may face.   External organizations, such as a religious group or other for-profit or not-for-profit organization,  that can provide financial assistance to a private school, not an independent school, will make the school less dependent on tuition and charitable donations for survival. However, these private schools may incur regulations and/or restrictions from the associated organization, such as mandated enrollment restrictions and curricular advancements. Independent schools, on the other hand, typically have a unique mission statement, and are financed by tuition payments and charitable donations. Often, independent school tuitions are more expensive than their private school counterparts, which is because most independent schools rely mostly on tuition to fund its daily operations.   Independent schools are accredited by the National Association of Independent Schools, or NAIS, and often have stricter rules for governance than some private schools. Through NAIS, individual states or regions have approved accrediting bodies that work to ensure all schools within their respective regions meet rigorous requirements in order to achieve accreditation status, a process that occurs every 5 years. Independent schools also typically have large endowments and large facilities, and include both boarding and day schools. Independent schools may have a religious affiliation, and may include religious studies as part of the schools philosophy, but they are governed by an independent board of trustees and not a larger religious organization. If an independent school wishes to change an aspect of its operations, such as eliminating religious studies, they only need the approval of their board of trustees and not a governing religious institution. The State of Utah Office of Education offers a typical definition of a private school:A school that is controlled by an individual or agency other than a governmental entity, which is usually supported primarily by other than public funds, and the operation of whose program rests with someone other than publicly elected or appointed officials. McGraw-Hills Higher Education site defines an independent school as nonpublic school unaffiliated with any church or other agency. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment - 1435 Words

According to an economist the idea of development is a situation whereby there is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, leading to an increase in growth .but to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a country is regarded as developed when such increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the smallest group in the society. Where we don’t only calculate numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, both the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA. Nigeria the most populated country in Africa filled with its endowed natural resources, and according to the†¦show more content†¦Neo-colonialism or imperialism This is an external factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment; it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it â€Å"promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism† (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has always been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping ground for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our own goods. Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our raw materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialism as we export our goods at the rate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude oil, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of technicality i n transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy removal in January 1st 2012, even after which things haven’t changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012. 3. Poor leadership According to john c. Maxwell â€Å"leadership is about influence† and niyi adesonya sees it â€Å"as not just influence but also inspiration†. The idea of Nigeria’s leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the â€Å"national cake† andShow MoreRelatedA Critical Appraisal Of Nigeria s Regional Security Challenges1582 Words   |  7 Pagesinsecurity, one must look at society as a whole, and in Nigeria it is not necessary to dig very deep: increases in unemployment, poverty, and inequality have created frustration and alienation amongst large sections of the population, which in turn has led to social division. The lack of development that has created this environment is manifested in the violence and insecurity that plagues parts of the nation. The lack of development within Nigeria has created a fertile environment for insecurity; thisRead MoreRetention Strategies in Post Consolidation Banking Industry in Nigeria (a Case Study of First Bank Nigeria Plc)1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfact developing appropriate capacity and competence needed to support such efforts. Indeed, perhaps one of the greatest impediment of developing economies both at micro and macro levels is not only financial inadequacies but the dearth and underdevelopment of capacity and the attendant competence to create, convert, sustain and maintain the available resources to achieve desired ends. Selecting and retaining great staff is key for business success. Talented people who continue to develop skillsRead MoreScramble Africa And The Aftermath Essay2328 Words   |  10 Pagesnations of the world is the colony. The United States, Canada, South Korea, Niger, India, Kenya, Australia, and the Republic of South Africa and more shared the pros and cons of colonial systems. They are all former colonies to the extent that India, Nigeria, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand are members of the Commonwealth, they are former colonies of the United Kingdom and they all continue to concede the nominal leadership of the queen. Here we come to the limit of the commonality ofRead MoreThe Impact of Multinational Enterprise (Mne) on the International Market and Nigerian Economy.2210 Words   |  9 PagesThis is a common model and it allows companies to take advantage of the local firms and also allows for cheap cost of production and services. (2) The parent company is based in one company and the subsidiaries work from another country. E.g. Nestle Nigeria Plc. This kind of model operates differently independently from the parent company except from the basic ties to the parent company. (3) The headquarters is based in one country which supervise different conglomeration that stretches to other differentRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization on Nigeria2317 Words   |  10 PagesApril 2013 Shakhnoza Kabilova CCGL9013 Globalization: African Experiences End of Term Paper Question 2: Choose one African country or society and critically assess both the positive and negative consequences of one aspect of globalization that is affecting this society. Word count: 2090 There are many definitions of globalization, some suggesting that globalization is an ideological battleground where power and resources are fought over and won by a privileged few - that power in fact controls globalizationRead MoreHuman Capital Flight ( Hcf )3942 Words   |  16 Pagesthat is brain drain. The global crisis in the health care system gave rise to stiff competition in the labour market for scarce professional skills with the advantage in favour of climates that offer better incentives. 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(Abor, 2004)Read MoreReligious Unrest in Nigeria9418 Words   |  38 PagesTable of contents Dedication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..i Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......ii Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦iii Table of contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..IV Topic: religious unrest in Nigeria, causes and effects. Chapter 1 1.1 Definitions of religion. 1.2 Types of religion. 1.3 Types of religion and religious unrest in Nigeria. 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This linkage is made possible throughRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 PagesAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA BY ABUBAKAR ABDULLAHI October, 2 0 0 4 ii AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA BY ABUBAKAR ABDULLAHI (MATRICULATION NO. 3081) A Dissertation Submitted to St. Clements University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy in Management St. Clements University October, 2004 iii DECLARATION I declare that

Message Boards and their Abuse Trolls Essay Example For Students

Message Boards and their Abuse: Trolls Essay Lee ThomasSep. 28 2001Message Boards and their Abuse: TrollsNowadays, anybody with and internet connection can go online and chat with a variety of peers. One of the most common places to chat is bulletin pages known as message boards. Messages written on these boards stay on the boards for everyone to view. Overtime, as people on the boards get to know each other, message boards usually end up being a part of a community. Yet, with all the activity and chatter a message board supplies, there are nuisances as well. Adolescents who go on the computer usually want to start trouble or irritate others. These people are called trolls. Trolls are a very troublesome problem in the message board community. Trolls usually post beliefs that are not well respected within the message board community. Take a sports message board for example. A troll on a sports message board would usually say that the team that specific board supports sucks and the troll would go on to brag how his or her team is superior. Trolls usually do this on consistent bases to annoy the other members on the board. Trolls also can abuse a message board by spamming or flooding the board. Some message boards have website problems where one can click the submit button a thousand times and then his or her message would be posted the amount of times the spammer clicked submit. Trolls can also find ways to exploit message boards into using censored words. If a message board censors out bad language, one can put message board code like i/i between the censored word and it will bypass the censor system. Smart trolls can also program scripts to post a specific message during a specific time frame (every 30 seconds, for example). Egotistical trolls usually try to imitate other members on the board by making screen names that look similar to the members being impersonated. This can be done by such methods as putting an underscore before after the persons name or exchanging syllables with letters ( for example, exchange the letter L with the number 1). When impersonating, a troll will usually try to act li ke the normal person at first to fool the community and then try to wreck that persons image by posting obscene remarks. Trolls are just trying to cause trouble on the message boards. Trolls are the main cause of message board abuse. They do not try to work with the community, but rather try to destroy it. A trolls activity can lead some members of a message board community to leave the message board for good. If enough people leave, the message board could end up having a lonely death. Some message boards are trying to stop trolling by banning insecure members and blocking IP addresses, but anonymous web surfing tools can wither this obstacle for trolls. Other message boards attempt to go private, but without new members, the community would fade and eventually die. Overall, the abuse of trolling is wrecking the experience of using message boards for many members and there is little to do to stop it. Word Count: 522 Bibliography: none